1864 – American Civil War : The Second Battle of Petersburg begins.1859 – Ambiguity in the Oregon Treaty leads to the " Northwestern Boundary Dispute " between American and British/Canadian settlers.1846 – The Oregon Treaty extends the border between the United States and British North America, established by the Treaty of 1818, westward to the Pacific Ocean. 1844 – Charles Goodyear receives a patent for vulcanization, a process to strengthen rubber.1836 – Arkansas is admitted as the 25th U.S.1808 – Joseph Bonaparte becomes King of Spain.1804 – New Hampshire approves the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratifying the document.1800 – The Provisional Army of the United States is dissolved.1776 – Delaware Separation Day: Delaware votes to suspend government under the British Crown and separate officially from Pennsylvania.1752 – Benjamin Franklin proves that lightning is electricity (traditional date, the exact date is unknown).1670 – The first stone of Fort Ricasoli is laid down in Malta.1667 – The first human blood transfusion is administered by Dr.1648 – Margaret Jones is hanged in Boston for witchcraft in the first such execution for the Massachusetts Bay Colony.1607 – Colonists finished building James's Fort, to defend against Spanish and Indian attacks.1520 – Pope Leo X threatens to excommunicate Martin Luther in Exsurge Domine.1502 – Christopher Columbus lands on the island of Martinique on his fourth voyage.1410 – Ottoman Interregnum : Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.1410 – In a decisive battle at Onon River, the Mongol forces of Oljei Temur were decimated by the Chinese armies of the Yongle Emperor.1389 – Battle of Kosovo : The Ottoman Empire defeats Serbs and Bosnians.1312 – At the Battle of Rozgony, King Charles I of Hungary wins a decisive victory over the family of Palatine Amade Aba.1246 – With the death of Frederick II, Duke of Austria, the Babenberg dynasty ends in Austria.1219 – Northern Crusades : Danish victory at the Battle of Lindanise (modern-day Tallinn ) establishes the Danish Duchy of Estonia.
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